Change your mindset, change the game | Dr. Alia Crum | TEDxTraverseCity

Transcriber: Queenie Lee
Reviewer: Peter van de VenSo today, I’m going to talk
about how our mindsets matterin virtually every facet of our lives. But I want to begin by telling a story
about a group of researchers in Italy. Dr. Fabrizio Benedetti and his colleaguesstudied a group of patients
undergoing thoracic surgery. What you should know
about thoracic surgeryis that it’s a very invasive procedure. Patients are put under anesthesia
while the surgeons make major incisionsinto the muscles of the sides and the backin order to gain access
to their hearts and to their lungs. Now, about an hour
after the anesthesia fades away,the pain starts to set in. Fortunately, patients are given
strong doses of morphine sulfate,a powerful painkiller. This is routine treatment
for thoracic surgery,but Dr. Benedetti and his colleagues
made a few subtle tweaks:half of the patients
were given the dose of morphineby a doctor at their bedside;the other half was given
the exact same dose of morphine,but it was administered into their IV
by a pre-programmed pump. You would think that both
of these groups of patientswould experience the same relief,but this was not the case. The group that received
the morphine by the doctorreported significant reductions
in their pain levels. The other group -the group who received
the same exact amount of morphinebut wasn’t aware of it -they didn’t seem
to experience the same benefit. So Dr. Benedetti and his colleagues
didn’t stop there. They used the same procedureto test the effectiveness
of other treatments -treatments for anxiety,treatments for Parkinson’s disease,
treatments for hypertension. What they found
was remarkable and consistent. When the patients
were aware of the treatmentand expected to receive the benefit,the treatment was highly effective. But when they weren’t,that same drug, that same pill,
and that same procedure was blunted,and in some cases
not even effective at all. So I read about these studieswhen I was a student
at Harvard University,and at the time, I was heavily immersed
into the literature on the placebo effect. And the more I read,the more I started thinking
about the true nature of placebos. So what is the placebo effect really?Well, most people
discount the placebo effectas just some magical response
to some fake pill or some faux procedure,but that’s not what the placebo effect is. The placebo effect
is not about the faux pill,or the sugar pill, or the fake procedure. What the placebo effect really is,is a powerful, robust
and consistent demonstrationof the ability of our mindsets -in this case, the expectation to heal,to recruit healing properties in the body. So what is a mindset?A mindset is quite literally
a setting of the mind,it’s a lens or a frame of mind
through which we view the world,we simplify the infinite number
of potential interpretationsat any given moment. Now, the ability to simplify
our world through our mindsetsis a natural part of being human. But what I want to suggest to you todayis that these mindsets
are not inconsequential,and instead, they play a dramatic rolein determining our health
and our well-being. So while I was at Harvard,I had the opportunity to work
with Professor Ellen Langer. She is a professor of psychologyand when she heard that I was also
a division one athlete, laughed at me. She said, “You know,
exercise is just a placebo, right?” Now, I was kind of offended
because at the timeI had been spending up to four hours a day
training my body to be in optimal shape. But she did get me thinking about mindsetsand how they might matter
outside of medical laws. Was I getting fitter and strongerbecause of the time and the energy
that I was putting into my training?Or was I getting fitter and stronger
because I believed that I would?What about the other extreme?What if people were getting
an extraordinary amount of exercisebut weren’t aware of it,would they not receive the same benefit?We decided to test this,and to test this we found a really
unique group of women -a group of 84 hotel housekeepersworking in seven
different hotels across the US. These women
are on their feet all day long. They’re using a variety of muscles,and they’re burning
an extraordinary amount of calories,just doing their job. But what’s interestingis that these women don’t seem
to view their work in this light. We asked them; we said,
“Do you exercise regularly?”And two-thirds said “No. ” So we said, “Okay. Well,
so, on a scale of zero to ten,how much exercise you get?”And a third of them said,
“Zero. I get no exercise at all. “So we wondered what would happen
if we could change their mindset. So we took these women,
we split them into two groups. We measured them on a variety of things,including their weight,
their blood pressure, their body fat,their satisfaction with their job. And then we took half of themand we gave them
a simple 15-minute presentation. We gave them this poster and we said,”Your work is good exercise. It satisfies the Surgeon
General’s requirements,which are quite simply
to accumulate about 30 minutesof moderate physical activity. You should expect
to receive those benefits. 15 minutes. We came back four weeks later
and we measured them again. Not surprisingly,the groups that didn’t receive
this information didn’t change,but those that did looked different. They dropped weight,they had a significant reduction
in systolic blood pressure,they dropped body fat,and they were reported
liking their job more. So what does this tell us?To me, it was fascinatingthat just as a result
of a simple 15-minute presentation,the whole game changed,producing a cascade of effects
on both their health and their well-being. Presumably without even changing behavior. Now some of you might be thinking,”How do you know they didn’t
change their behavior,because that must have been
what produced the effects?We know they didn’t work any more,and the room attendants
themselves assured usthat they didn’t join
the sports club down the street. But of course, we can’t know for sureif they weren’t putting
a little more oomphinto making their beds. So this question really plagued me. Is there a direct, immediate connection
between our mindsets and our bodies?So to test this,I worked with my colleagues at Yale,Kelly Brownell, Will Corbin
and Peter Salovey,and we did so by making
a big batch of milkshakes. So we made this big batch of milkshakes,and then we invited people
to come to our lab to try the milkshakes,and in exchange
we would give them 75 dollars. Sounds great, right?The less appealing aspect of the agreementwas that while they
were drinking the shakes,we had them hooked up to an IVso we could get their blood samples. We are out to measure ghrelin. Ghrelin is a peptide secreted in the gut,the medical experts
call this the hunger hormone. So when we haven’t eaten in a while,our ghrelin levels start to rise,signaling to the brain,
“It’s time to seek out food,”and slowing our metabolism,
just in case we don’t find that food. Now say we go out,we find and we devour a milkshake,
a hamburger, some french fries,our ghrelin levels drop,
signaling to our brain,”Time to stop eating,”
and revving up the metabolismso we can burn the food
that was just consumed. So the participants came in,
we hooked them up to an IV,and then we gave them
a milkshake, Sensi-Shake. This is zero percent fat,
140 calories, zero added sugar,this is guilt free satisfaction. So they drank their shake,and in response
their ghrelin levels droppedbut only very slightly,signaling to the brain
that some food had been consumedbut not a whole lot. So a week later,
they came back to our lab,we hooked them up to an IV again,
and we gave them this shake. 620 calories, 30 grams of fat,
56 grams of sugar:now this, this is decadence you deserve. And in response to this shake,
their ghrelin levels dropped again,but this time
at a significantly steeper rate,about three times more
than the shake they had before. Now, this would make good sense
to any metabolic nutritionistwho understands
that the drop in ghrelin is proportionalto the amounts of calories consumed. But there was a catch:in this study,even though the participants thought
they had consumed the sensible shake,and the indulgent shake,in reality, we gave them
the exact same shake at both time points. So what does this tell us?Just as in the case
when the same amount of morphineproduced more or less of an effect
depending on our awareness,and just as in the case
when the same amount of exerciseproduced more or less of a benefit
depending on how it was construed,here again our mindsets proved to matter. In this case suggesting it might not be
just calories in and calories out,or the precise makeup of fats,
nutrients, but what we believe,what we expect, what we think
about the foods we eatthat determines our body’s response. So in light of this,it behooves us to consider our own lives:what are our mindsets?And how might we begin
to shift them, to alter them,to have them be more beneficial?So take the stress, for example. What’s your mindset about stress?If you’re like most people,you have the mindset
that stress is bad: bad stress. Now, this is not surprising
considering that everywhere we lookthere’s warnings, labels
yelling at us, reminding usabout the negative effects of stress. But the truth of stress
is not so clear-cut,and in fact, there’s a robust
and growing body of researchshowing that stress
can have positive effects,enhancing effects on our health,
our well-being and our performance. Now I’m not here to try to persuade you
that the effects of stress are enhancing,but rather to point
out that the truth of stressis like most things in life,and that is, it is uncertain. And therefore to raise the question:do our mindsets about stress
determine our response?So to test this question,I worked with Shawn Achor
and Peter Salovey,and we worked
with a group of 300 employees. This was after 2008 financial collapse,and we decided – they were stressed,they had just heard
that ten percent of their workforcewas going to be laid off,and they were overworked. We decided to see
if we could change their mindset. And we did so by having them
watch simple video clips. So I’m going to show them
to you here simultaneously,but half of the participants
saw the one on the left,half saw the one on the right.
vs So you get the point, yes?So here we are . . . in the dark. So here we are -they’re watching facts,
research, anecdotes,all true, but oriented
towards one view or the other. What we found was interesting:those who watched
these simple three-minute video clipsbefore the bell rang,
before their job began,over the course of the next few weeks
reported fewer negative health symptoms,fewer backaches,
less muscle tension, less insomnia. And they also reported a higher level
of engagement and performance at work. So at this point
I’ve presented four studies -four studies that demonstrate
the power of mindsets in medicine,in exercise, in diet, and in stress. There are many other
very talented scholarstackling this phenomenon as we speak. Carol Dweck’s research demonstrates usthat if we can shift our mindset
about intelligence and talentas something that’s fixedto something that’s changeable over time,it can dramatically alter our academic
and professional success. Yale epidemiologist
Becca Levy’s research shows usthat if we can change
our mindsets about aging,from viewing aging as an inevitable
process of deteriorationto a process of gaining wisdom,
gaining growth,not only shapes the course
of how we grow oldbut even extends longevity. Ted Kaptchuk and his group
at Harvard’s programfor placebo studies
is doing cutting-edge workunderstanding
how we can begin to harnessand ethically utilize the placebo effect
in clinical practice. So though the context is different,
the message is the same. Our mindsets matter. Don’t get me wrong,I’m not saying
that medicine doesn’t work,or that there are no benefits of exercise,and that what we eat
doesn’t matter; it does. But the psychological
and physiological effectof anything in our livescan and is influenced by our mindset. So is the power of mindset limitless?Probably not,but what I hope I’ve done for you todayis inspire you to reconsider
where those limits really are. Because the true task aheadis to begin reclaiming
this power for ourselves,to acknowledge the power of mindsetand know that just like this, in just the blink of an eye,we can change the game
of any facet of our lifequite simply by changing our mindset. Thank you.